- AEROBIC EXERCISE: Physical activity that relies on large muscle groups, steady oxygen consumption, and increased heart rate.
- ANAEROBIC EXERCISE: Short-duration, high-intensity exercise that relies on energy sources stored in the muscles, not oxygen.
- BALANCE: The ability to maintain the body’s center of gravity over its base of support, crucial for stability.
- BODY COMPOSITION: The ratio of lean mass (muscle, bone, water) to fat mass in the body.
- CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE: The efficiency of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels in delivering oxygen during prolonged exercise.
- DYNAMIC STRETCHING: Active movements that stretch muscles to their full range of motion, often used as part of a warm-up.
- ENDURANCE: Endurance is the ability of the body or a specific muscle group to sustain prolonged physical activity without fatigue.
- HIIT: A training method alternating between intense bursts of activity and fixed periods of less-intense activity or rest.
- HYPERPLASIA: An increase in the number of muscle fibers (controversial in humans; most growth is via hypertrophy).
- HYPERTROPHY: An increase in the size of muscle cells, often the goal of resistance training.
- LIGAMENT: Tough, fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone at joints.
- METABOLISM: The sum of all chemical processes in the body that convert or use energy.
- MUSCULAR ENDURANCE: The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions over time.
- MUSCULAR STRENGTH: The maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate in a single effort.
- OSTEOPOROSIS: A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, increasing fracture risk.
- OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE: Gradually increasing stress placed on the body during exercise to stimulate adaptation and improvement.
- PROGRESSIVE OVERLOAD: The systematic increase of stress placed on the body during training to stimulate muscle growth and strength gains.
- RANGE OF MOTION (ROM): The full movement potential of a joint, usually its range from flexion to extension.
- REPETITION: One complete movement of an exercise, from start to finish.
- RESISTANCE TRAINING: Exercise that causes the muscles to contract against an external resistance, such as weights or bands.
- SKELETAL SYSTEM: The skeletal system is the body’s structural framework, consisting of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, providing support, protection, enabling movement, and storing minerals and fat.
- STATIC STRETCHING: Stretching a muscle to its farthest point and holding that position.
- TENDON: Fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone.
- VO₂ MAX: The maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise; a key indicator of aerobic endurance.
- WARM-UP: Low-intensity activity performed before exercise to prepare the muscles and cardiovascular system.
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